Analysis Of Rice Farmers Income (Cultivators) On Profit Sharing System In Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa Districts In 2022

. This research is entitled Analysis of Rice Farmers' Income (Cultivators) in the Profit Sharing System in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa Districts in 2022. The purpose of this study was to determine the income of farmers in the profit sharing system in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District in 2022 and to find out the income of farmers in the profit sharing system in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District in 2022, is above or below the need for a decent living. The data collection uses sample survey method, which is a method of data collection carried out by withdrawing part of the population unit that is considered to represent the characteristics of the population in question (Moh. Nazir, 1999). Results of Analysis Data obtained by cultivators in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District, based on the average level of fulfillment of needs for each cultivator farmer, is only able to meet the needs of a decent life of 32,961 percent. with a profit sharing system in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District and is classified as farmers who are not yet prosperous based on the results of research conducted on 11 respondents as research samples. The conclusion from the results of the study is that there is not a single cultivator farmer who is able to meet the financing of their decent living needs up to 100 percent. The contribution of their net income from profit-sharing agricultural products in meeting the needs of a decent life ranges from 31.14 percent to 55.89 percent only. Based on the results of the study, the net income received by cultivator farmers who are used as respondents can be said to be sufficient to meet the needs of life. The highest net income is 2,757,332 rupiah per month, while the lowest net income after profit sharing is 2,103,365 rupiah per month. With an average net income per month of 2,387,295 rupiah, cultivators already feel prosperous and sufficient with their income. However, there are also some farmers who say that they are not yet prosperous or not satisfied with their income. Statistically based on the KHL standard of Sumbawa District, on average each Cultivator in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District is still classified as not prosperous. This is because the income of cultivators in the profit-sharing system is still far below the Standard of Kebutuhan Hidup Layak (KHL).


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an agrarian country, relying on its economy to rely on the agricultural sector. The agricultural sector is the main sector for the economy. Farmers working on agricultural land generally live in transmigration and rural areas, where we can see that there are still many who have low incomes, so these farmers have a relatively poor standard of living. In addition, there is also the problem of limited ownership of agricultural land. In this situation, not everyone is lucky to be using privately owned land as a place to carry out agricultural product processing activities. Problems faced by farmers, such as lack of income and income in meeting the necessities of life, both clothing, food, housing and primary, secondary and tertiary and lux needs, in addition to the lack of awareness of family planning programs, is one of the problems as well as the number of families who must fulfilled every need of his life to be decent and prosperous. The problem often occurs that there is no cost to continue schooling to a higher level. The way to make changes is to increase agricultural production accompanied by equitable distribution of results, and clear use of agricultural land and land tenure for farmers will be one solution. Efforts are being made by the Government through current national development, by giving priority to the economic sector, where the Government always tries to implement every policy in increasing agricultural production. Seeing the potential of our country as an agricultural country that has a fairly large agricultural area, with natural resources that still really need to be explored and utilized to fulfill the needs of human life.
Sumbawa District, where most of the population works in the agricultural sector, it turns out that not all of them have their own agricultural land, but there are still many farmers who implemented land lease practice or agricultural land to other people who have agricultural land to rent other people's land as rice farmers, other than as a cultivators, as well as land renters. Farmers as landowners are usually unable to cultivate their own land, so they employ laborers or rent out part of their land to others. At the time of the main harvest, the harvest of the farmer as the owner of the land is divided according to the profit-sharing rules that apply in the area. This has happened from generation to generation, both agricultural land rental https://ijersc.org activities carried out by indigenous people, also carried out by immigrant communities who have lived for a long time. In addition to agricultural production problems, land ownership and profit-sharing systems are issues that are quite important for farmers in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District, because these can directly affect the income level of the farmers themselves. Scheltema (1985) in Pratama (2012:2) describes it as "one of the oldest forms of agreement in terms of land tenure in various countries and in communities with very different degrees of development." During the independence period, where the Indonesian people were in transition from colonial agrarian law to a new national agrarian law, the issue of profit sharing received attention from the government. Article 1 of Law Number 2 of 1960 states explicitly the meaning of a profit sharing agreement, as a land tenure agreement with profit sharing whose law applies as unwritten customary law provisions, a person who has the right to a land, who for some reason is unable to work on it themselves, but wishing to still get the results, allowed someone else to carry out an agricultural business on the land, the results of which were divided between the two of them according to a predetermined balance (SJDI Hukum, 1960).
From this understanding there is a set of elements of several terms, namely (SJDI Hukum, 1960): 1) Land, that is used for planting food ingredients. 2) Owner, that is a person or legal entity based on a right to control the land.
3) Profit-sharing agreement, that is an agreement with whatever name is entered into between the owner on the one hand and a person or legal entity on the other party (who in this law is called a cultivator) based on an agreement in which the cultivator is allowed by the owner to carry out the above agricultural business. owner's land, with the distribution of the results between the two parties. 4) Soil products, that are the results of agricultural activities carried out by the cultivators after deducting costs for seeds, fertilizers, livestock and costs for planting and harvesting. 5) Farmers, that are people, both those who own or do not own land whose main livelihood is to cultivate land for agriculture. In UU Number 2 of 1960 in Article 1 it states that the agreement with whatever name between the owner and the cultivator is called a profit sharing agreement. If there are still plants that cannot be harvested, then the agreement is valid until the time the plants are finished being harvested, but the extension of that time cannot be more than one year (SJDI Hukum, 1960). The amount harvested or distribution of results and other burdens that are the rights and obligations of both parties (farmers and cultivators) are: 1) One share for cultivators and one share for land owners (1:1) for rice plants planted in rice fields. 2) Two-thirds of the share is for cultivators and one-third is for owners for secondary crops in paddy fields and rice planted in dry fields ( 2 /3: 1 /3). The result that is shared is the result of net income, after deducting the costs incurred and mutually agreed upon, such as planting costs, fertilizers and its purchasing costs, seeds, harvest costs and zakat. As for the land tax, it is entirely the responsibility of the land owner himself. Based on the fact, most of the people of Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District, carry out activities to work on land belonging to other people through profit sharing agreements only based on verbal agreements between landowners and cultivators based on trust. The distribution of the balance of agricultural products is also carried out in accordance with the agreement of both parties. To enter into a profit-sharing agreement is based on the initiative of both parties (land owner and cultivator). The land owner usually offers the cultivation of his land to his neighbors in the area of one RT or RW or between villages within the brand area, which of course is already known to the land owner, because usually the implementation of the profit sharing agreement is based on trust and the profit sharing system is already established from a long time ago. They call this kind of agreement as a customary agreement for local residents which is enough to be done orally in simple language, so that it is easy to understand by both parties and is binding without having to be registered in the Kelurahan/Village.
The agreement is a condition for the occurrence of the profit-sharing agreement in determining the rights and obligations as well as the balancing of the results to be divided. Regarding the time limit for the profit sharing agreement based on observations, in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa Districts, it has never been determined with certainty, but it has become a habit that the land owner with the agreement of the cultivator https://ijersc.org cultivates the land until the harvest season ends (two harvests), then at that time the profit sharing agreement ends. Although there are some communities who make agreements, they set the time of the profit-sharing agreement at the beginning of the agreement based on an agreement between the owner and the cultivator. The system of leasing agricultural land is carried out by farmers who do not have extensive agricultural land and do not even own land at all while the ability and method of finding sources of economic income is only known to them as cultivators of farm, with the hope of having an impact on increasing economic income, in order to fulfill life needs.
This profit-sharing system provides benefits for farmers who do not own land but want to cultivate crops, while for farmers who own land, this is expected to create new jobs. The application of the profitsharing system can increase the income and welfare of land-owning farmers and landless farmers in Sumbawa District as measured by the KHL indicator.This study was conducted to determine the income of farmers in the profit-sharing system in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District in 2022 and to determine the income of farmers in the revenue-sharing system in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District in 2022, whether it is above or below the KHL.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW
With the existence of UU No. 2 of 1960 concerning profit sharing agreements, it is automatically a government acknowledgment of the implementation of profit sharing agreements that apply to customary law communities in Indonesia.

Income
Income is one indicator to measure the level of prosperity of a person or society, because income reflects the level of economic progress of a society. The size of the income achieved depends on the field of business being carried out, the skills of the workforce used and the capital owned (Djojohadikusumo, 1985:95). In the everyday sense, income is synonymous with money. According to Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus (1992:14) income is the total money earned or collected in a certain period, for example one day, one week, one month, or one year.

Costs
The definition of costs can be expressed through several definitions put forward by several experts in the field of financial accounting, in general some definitions of costs according to financial accounting experts cover several aspects, namely (Hartono, 1999: 7): 1) That these costs can be measured using a number of production factors such as materials, working hours, and other services.
2) That these costs can be measured in terms of money as a dynamic to determine how many factors of production are used.
3) These costs can be linked to the achievement of certain goals. Costs in an economic sense are all the burdens that must be borne to provide goods so that they are ready for consumer use. Then, variable costs are expenditures whose amounts are not fixed or change according to the amount of output produced, such as the costs of raw materials, auxiliary materials, fuel, and direct labor wages. While fixed costs are costs that in a certain period of time the amount remains unchanged, meaning that it does not affect the size of the sale of goods. The result of the addition of fixed costs and variable costs produces the total cost or total cost (TC). The following describes in more detail the various types of production costs according to Sadono Sukirno (1997: 209), namely: 1) Total costs (TC), namely, the total amount of production costs incurred.
2) Total fixed costs (TFC) that is, the total costs incurred to obtain the factors of production that cannot be changed in number.
3) Total changing costs (TVC) that is, the total costs incurred to obtain the factors of production that can be changed in number. 4) Average fixed cost (AFC) that is, the total fixed cost of producing a certain quantity of a good divided by the quantity produced.
https://ijersc.org 5) Average variable cost (AVC) that is, the total changing cost used to produce the good divided by the quantity produced. 6) Average total cost (AC) that is, the total cost of producing a number of goods divided by the amount produced. 7) Marginal cost (MC) is the increase in production costs incurred to increase production by one unit.

Poverty
The concept of poverty according to Bradley R. Schiller in Emil Salim (1984:75) is the inability to obtain adequate goods and services to meet limited social needs.
Indicators of Family Welfare Payman J. Simanjuntak (1985:14) states that the goods and services produced in the minimum quantities needed by workers and their families within a month are formulated in various types of goods and services needed as the basis for calculating KHL. KHL is based on 48 components and is divided into five groups, namely: 1) Food and beverage group consisting of rice, meat, sugar, salt, cooking oil, ginger, sweet potato, cassava, tea, coffee, and water.
2) The fuel and lighting group consists of firewood, lamps, flour, and kerosene.
3) The housing and equipment group consists of rental housing, beds, pillows, plates, kettles, and pots. 4) The clothing group consists of pants, skirts, shirts, t-shirts, cloth, sarongs, underwear, caps, towels, shoes, and others.

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The data collection method uses the sample survey method, which is a method of collecting data by drawing part of the population unit that is considered to be able to represent the characteristics of the population in question (Moh. Nazir, 1999). The use of this method is based on consideration of the homogeneity of the sample in addition to limiting factors such as cost, time, and available manpower.
Identification of Variables The variables that are the subject of this research are identified as follows: 1) Production costs. = total revenue is the gross income received by farmers during one harvest period. TC = total cost is all costs incurred by farmers during one harvest period. P = price is the price of agricultural production in rupiah per unit of production. Q = quantity is the amount of agricultural production produced during the production process. TFC = total fixed cost is the total fixed costs incurred by farmers. TVC = total variable cost is the total variable costs incurred by farmers for the production process of agricultural products.

Household Welfare Indicators
To determine household welfare, that is by comparing the total household income with the KHL for various numbers of family members. KHL is a reflection of consumption patterns, namely a description of the level of income obtained by respondents used to buy various kinds of goods and services needed to meet their basic needs (Titi, 1996:30).
The formulation to find out the fulfillment of decent living needs is as follows: Fulfillment of Needs = Information: TP = total income of farmers using a profit-sharing system. TKHL = total farmer's need for decent living in one month.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The source of data in this research uses primary data obtained directly from respondents in the field, secondary data in this study is used as supporting data for the study. Using a sample of 11 respondents, namely cultivator farmers who use a profit-sharing system in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District in 2022. Data collection in this study was carried out in March 2022.According to Mubyarto (1989), farmers who are of productive age will provide work results maximum when compared to other age ranges. At a productive age, people generally have a better ability to think and act to carry out activities. Source: Primary Data, processed.

Research
Results showed that there were differences in the profit-sharing system even though the respondents lived in one area, but there were two patterns of profit-sharing systems that were applied. The first profitsharing system is 1 /3 (a third) of the share for the rights of land-owning farmers and 2 /3 (two-thirds) of the share for the rights of cultivators. The first pattern of profit-sharing system applies the requirements if the passive farmer is the one who pays all of the production costs, while the land-owning farmer only pays taxes https://ijersc.org on the agricultural land he owns which is used as a cooperation area. The profit-sharing system is common for the cultivator farmer. The second pattern of profit sharing is a profit sharing system pattern of 1 /2 (one half) share for farmers as owners of their agricultural land and 1 /2 (one half) share for the rights of cultivator farmers. The profit-sharing system of this second pattern is generally accepted in the research area, with the condition that if the owner of the agricultural land and the cultivator farmer in this agreement jointly incur production costs, meaning that the land owner pays 1 /2 (one half) of the production cost and the cultivator farmer spend 1 /2 (one half) of the cost of production.
The second pattern is rarely used because the majority of farmers in the research locations often used the 1 /3 : 2 /3 share.The profit sharing between cultivator farmers and landowners in the research area is in the form of grain. When they enter harvest time, this is where profit-sharing transactions often occur between Cultivator farmers and landowners. Land owners often go directly to the fields to make profit-sharing transactions after the harvest time arrives. This is done to reduce fraud and to maintain trust between them as landowners and cultivator farmers, in the hope that this collaboration will continue into the next planting season. In addition to the rice fields where the crops are harvested, some farmers also carry out profit-sharing transactions at the homes of the cultivator. The other way they usually do it is by direct farmers who deliver their share of agricultural produce to the landowner's house after the harvest is completed according to the agreement they agreed upon.

Fixed Costs of Rice Farming
All costs incurred by cultivator farmers consist of fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs consist of depreciation costs for equipment. While the variable costs consist of the cost of purchasing seeds, purchasing fertilizers, purchasing pesticides, tractor rental costs and agricultural irrigation costs. The equipment used by farmers in a farming activity is usually not used up in one growing season, so it is necessary to calculate the depreciation cost. The tools used in this rice farming business are hoes, sickles, machetes and hand sprayers.

Variable Costs of Rice Farming
Farmers in the study area used rice seeds obtained by buying them at shops that supply farming needs. The amount of seeds used is usually influenced by the differences in cropping patterns, spacing, and size of area cultivated. Variable costs of purchasing seeds in one planting season are as follows: Source: Primary Data, processed Seeds used by rice farmers with an average cost of issued is 217,571 rupiah per planting season. According to Kurnianti (2013), for one hectare of land area, it takes 25-30 kilograms per hectare per planting season for rice seeds. Based on the results of research in Moto Hilir, Sumbawa District, the average use of rice seeds or seedlings by cultivator farmers is 50.20 kilograms per hectare per planting season and the rice seeds they sow have exceeded the recommended amount.The average use of fertilizers by rice farmers is 245.22 kilograms per hectare per growing season with an average cost of 735.215 rupiahs per growing season. The types of fertilizers used include KCL, Phonska. Urea, TSP. The recommended dose is 250 kilograms per hectare per growing season. From the results of this study, the use of fertilizer by smallholders is in accordance with the recommended amount.The use of pesticides as an effort to prevent and control those caused by pests, weeds and other diseases that often attack rice, farmers use pesticides on pests and diseases that often attack rice plants. https://ijersc.org The types of pesticides used by cultivators are Pulgar, Lindomen, and Decis. Lindomen and Pulgar are used during weeding because these pesticides do not kill plants, so rice plants will not die easily. While Decis is used to eradicate the attack of earthworms, big grasshoppers (walang sangit), leaf borer and shoots borer. The average use of pesticides is 197,433 Rupiah per Mt as a variable cost. The cost of renting a tractor is very much needed by farmers to help them in cultivating the land. Land processing using tractors is also very beneficial for farmers in terms of time management, by using tractors, cultivators do not need to waste days just to cultivate agricultural land. The size of the tractor rental fee that is issued is determined by the area. If the land is large, the rental fee will increase, and vice versa. The average expenditure for tractor rental is 950,321 rupiah per hectare per planting season. The cost for irrigation, which is very much needed by farmers to increase production incurred by cultivators is 52,250 rupiah per hectare per planting season.

Data Analysis
The results of the analysis of the income earned by smallholders in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa Districts, which consists of: Source: Primary Data, processed From data above the average net income obtained by cultivators after sharing the results ( 1 /3 : 2 /3) (one third to two thirds) share with the owner of the agricultural land is 2,157,401 rupiah per month. The average family dependents of cultivators in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa Districts are 3.82 people. Meanwhile, the average KHL (necessity for a decent living) for each working farmer family is 6,926,636 rupiah. Based on the results of data analysis, the average cultivator farmers are included in the category of not yet prosperous. The income received by cultivators is still very far from the KHL standard that has been set by the Sumbawa District Government, which is generally 1,700,000 rupiah per month for a person.Based on information, it shows that the income of cultivator farmers are still very far below the standard of KHL of Sumbawa Districts, which means that cultivator farmers are said to be Not Prosperous. Based on the average level of fulfillment of needs for each cultivator farmer, they only able to meet the needs of a decent life of 32,961 percent by Rice Farmers with a profit-sharing system in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District, classified as farmers who are not yet prosperous based on the results of research from 11 respondents who were taken as research samples and none of the cultivator were able to meet the costs of their decent living needs up to 100 (one hundred) percent. The contribution of their net income from profit-sharing in meeting the needs of a decent life ranges from 31.14 percent to 55.89 percent only.
The net income received by cultivators who are used as respondents can be said to be sufficient to meet the needs of life. The highest net income is 2,757,332 rupiah per month, while the lowest net income after profit sharing is 2,103,365 rupiah per month. Average net income per month 2,387,295 rupiah. Some of the cultivators already feel prosperous and sufficient with their income, but some of the other farmers say https://ijersc.org that they are not prosperous or not satisfied with their income. Statistically based on the standard of KHL of Sumbawa District, on average each Cultivated Rice Farmer in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District is still classified as not prosperous, this is because the income of cultivator farmers in the profit-sharing system is still far below the Standard of KHL. Net income from the results of cultivating is used to meet the needs of life. The needs of each individual farmer will be different from one another. Each farmer has a certain level of satisfaction that is different in an effort to fulfill his life needs, both in the lifestyle and various consumption patterns of each rice farmer.
The main needs that must be met by cultivators for survival are primary needs (dharuriyyah). Cultivating rice farmers must make expenditures from their net income to meet this need. Based on the results of the interviews, each respondent in meeting their primary needs is classified as capable of being fulfilled. Based on the food consumption expenditure of the farmer, it can be seen that the respondents spend around 190,000 rupiahs to 700,000 rupiahs per month. The difference in the level of expenditure for meeting food needs is due to the difference in the number of family members borne by the respondent. The occurrence of differences in food consumption is caused by differences in the level of household needs of each respondent.The cost of shopping for clothes for cultivator farmers is not deemed necessary and they are satisfied with the clothes they wear and are still decent, so some of them do not spend on clothing purchases every month. Other expenses for housing related to monthly costs such as electricity. Meanwhile, the expenditure of cultivator farmers for this residence is 80,000 rupiahs to 200,000 rupiahs per month. Costs for other expenses, such as education, are calculated by adding up all expenses related to education needs from those incurred for one month, such as school costs, learning stationery costs, supporting expenses such as school pocket money and transportation costs. Cultivators spend on education per month ranging from 190,000 rupiah to 500,000 rupiah. This expenditure is of course in accordance with the number of dependents for the level of education taken by each member of the farmer's family as respondents who attend school. Based on this information, it can be concluded that the respondents are able to fulfill their basic needs. Cultivators as respondents make expenditures for secondary needs in daily life in society. Fulfillment of tertiary needs as a result of interviews conducted with respondents shows that expenditures for tertiary needs of farmers include, among others, expenses for celebrating major holidays and for purchasing household equipment. Other costs such as buying equipment such as accessories, electronic equipment and so on are around 850,000 rupiah to 1,500,000 per year.
It can be concluded that the amount of net income issued by smallholders for tertiary needs is greater than for secondary needs. This is due to the habitual factors in each environment and the lifestyle and habits of each cultivator farmers in the allocation of the use of the money they get. In addition, the celebration of certain days such as the religious birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, for example, from the results of the conversations conducted, most of the respondents were willing to spend money to support the implementation of the Maulud celebration, due to the habits of the people around them and they thought that the celebration needed to be done. In addition, for the fulfillment of desires in complementary items that will add to the aesthetic value and beauty of the elements of luxury such as complementary home accessories, they also consider it necessary to be held to achieve satisfaction in themselves.

V. CONCLUSION
Conclusions from the results of research and data analysis that have been carried out to the Respondents. Rice farmers working in Moyo Hilir, Sumbawa District are as follows: The most common profit sharing system is the first pattern profit sharing system. The first profit-sharing system is 1 /3 (one-third) share for landowners and 2 /3 (two-thirds) share for cultivator farmers with the condition that if the cultivators pay all production costs and the landowner only pay the costs of land tax only. The average business income of cultivator farmers is 2,387,295 rupiahs per month, while the average KHL for each family of cultivator farmer is 6,926,636 rupiahs. The net income of cultivator farmers is still far below the KHL, so the farmers are included in the category of not yet prosperous. The average value of the results of the analysis of the fulfillment of decent living needs for smallholders is 32,961 percent. This illustrates that rice farming carried https://ijersc.org out by cultivator farmers has not been able to improve their welfare, where the value of meeting the needs of rice farming is less than 1.