International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences

Responsibilites of Instrumental Witnesses In The Preparation of Notarial Deeds Containing Defects

2025-08-26T17:02:58+00:00

A notary deed serves as an authentic piece of evidence in a legal relationship, which requires the presence of not only a notary but also an instrumental witness. The existence of instrumental witnesses is a condition for the validity of a deed, because a deed without instrumental witnesses will lose its authenticity. However, when a deed contains formal or material defects, questions arise as to the extent of the responsibility imposed on the witnesses. This study uses normative legal research methods with a statutory approach, examining the Law on Notary Positions (UUJN), the Civil Code, and relevant doctrines. This study aims to analyze the legal responsibility of instrumental witnesses in making notary deeds containing defects. This research is a normative legal research with a legislative approach. The analysis was carried out using the theory of legal responsibility and the theory of legal protection as the basis for argument. The results of the study show that the responsibilities of instrumental witnesses should be limited to formal aspects, such as attendance and deed signing. Therefore, a renewal of the notarial law is needed that explicitly regulates the limits of responsibility.

A Legal Certainty Perspective On The Status of Notarial Deeds Not Recorded In The Repertorium

2025-09-24T23:19:38+00:00

A notarial deed is a legally binding instrument with full evidentiary value in the Indonesian legal system. Its presence is crucial to ensuring certainty, order, and legal protection for all parties. A primary duty of notaries is to record every deed in the repertorium, as required under Articles 58 and 59 of the Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 30 of 2004 on the Notarial Office (UUJN). The repertorium, part of the notarial protocol, must be submitted periodically to the Regional Supervisory Council as proof of accountability. In practice, however, some deeds remain unregistered, creating issues regarding their legal standing, certainty for the parties involved, and the notary’s responsibility. This study applies a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Data are drawn from regulations, doctrines, court decisions, and legal literature. The analysis emphasizes Gustav Radbruch’s theory of legal certainty and its relevance to deed registration, particularly the juridical consequences of unregistered deeds. Findings reveal that while unrecorded deeds remain authentic if formal requirements are met, the lack of registration weakens accountability and may reduce evidentiary strength in court. Notaries failing to comply may face administrative sanctions under Article 65A UUJN, from warnings to temporary dismissal. Registration, therefore, is not merely administrative but essential to uphold certainty, justice, and the integrity of the notarial profession.

Cultural Tourism Development Strategy at The Siak Palace, Siak Sri Indrapura Regency

2025-09-24T23:17:47+00:00

Riau is a province rich in history. Many historical heritage buildings can be found in Riau, one of which is the Siak Sri Indrapura Palace. This palace is a historical legacy of the Siak Sultanate, once inhabited by the Sultan of Siak, and today serves as one of the tourism attractions in Siak Regency. The proper development of the tourism sector has the potential to attract both domestic and international tourists to visit and spend money during their travels. In this context, particularly concerning the development of the Siak Palace as a tourist attraction, internal and external environmental analyses are conducted to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats through a SWOT analysis. Furthermore, this study also examines the long-term goals of the Tourism Office, particularly in achieving its mission over the next five years. The research evaluates whether the strategies implemented have been successful by reviewing the annual targets set by the Siak Regency Tourism Office and the policies employed to achieve them. These policies consist of guidelines, rules, and procedures established to support the intended objectives. The findings indicate that the Tourism Office of Siak Regency has carried out the strategic planning process effectively. Every aspect of strategic planning has been implemented optimally and in accordance with the established regulations. However, despite the successful implementation of the strategic plan, the process has not yet fully maximized the development of the Siak Palace as a tourism destination, as further actions beyond the current plans are still required. Tourism development in Siak Sri Indrapura is pursued through the development of tourism resources and the creative economy, enhancement of tourist attractions, and tourism marketing. Nevertheless, these efforts have not yet been fully optimized and therefore need improvement in order to better manage and advance tourism development in Siak Regency. The factors influencing tourism development strategies include budget, human resources, and community participation. Successful tourism development requires cooperation to achieve the desired outcomes, while the government is also expected to pay greater attention to the condition of tourism objects.

Impact of Climate Change On Early Childhood Education In Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe

2025-09-16T05:10:31+00:00

Global warming has become an international concern, since it has contributed to extreme climatic conditions in most parts of the world. This has been attributed to several factors that include industrialization resulting in carbon emission, deforestation and use of chemicals in agriculture. The changes in temperatures influence climate change. Climate change is increasingly disrupting the provision of education in most developing countries. Early childhood education is severely affected because of the ages involved, thus 3-8 years. The paper examined the effects of climate change on early childhood education in Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe. It is a region affected by recurrent droughts, erratic rainfall, and extreme temperatures. The paper examined how climate-induced environmental degradation, resource scarcity, and socio-economic instability affected access to safe learning spaces, disrupted educational activities, and hindered cognitive, emotional, and physical development in children. The paper is guided by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory. The theory explains how multiple societal systems such as the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem influence child development. A qualitative research approach was employed. It involved assessing infrastructure vulnerabilities, attendance trends, and health outcomes in five purposively selected early childhood development centres in Mashonaland East Province. The case study design was used to study cases in the five selected centres. The paper explored how flooding, heat stress, and water shortages affected learning environments. The notable effects of climate change on young children were malnutrition, fear because of insecure environments, displacement, and trauma. The paper also examined local interventions and adaptive strategies, including school gardening, indigenous disaster-response practices, and mobile play-based learning initiatives during crises to sustain education and promote child development. Findings were that 60% of early childhood development centres experienced recurrent closures during extreme weather, and that food insecurity and caregiver displacement reduced school participation by 40%. The paper recommends integrating indigenous knowledge systems into policy, and investment in climate-resilient infrastructure, trauma-informed teacher training, and partnerships to enhance food and water security, and collective efforts to drill boreholes to enhance food production in drought prone areas.

Psychological Impact of Speech Delay On Family Dynamics: A Qualitative Study of Parents' Experiences And Coping Mechanisms

2025-10-17T03:25:33+00:00

Speech delay in children is a communication development disorder that can significantly affect family dynamics. This study aims to explore the psychological experiences of parents of children with speech delay, as well as the coping mechanisms they apply. Using a qualitative literature review and phenomenological perspective, this study analyzes various scientific sources to understand the psychological impact of speech delay on parents and families. The results show that parents often experience higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression compared to parents of normally developing children. Social stigma and cultural pressure also contribute to feelings of isolation and helplessness. Effective coping mechanisms, such as social support and involvement in therapy, can help parents overcome these challenges. This study recommends the development of comprehensive and interdisciplinary psychological support programs, as well as increased public awareness to reduce stigma. In addition, it is important to create strong social support networks for families, including support groups and digital platforms. By understanding parents' experiences and the factors that influence their coping mechanisms, this study is expected to contribute to the development of better interventions and support the psychological well-being of families facing speech delays.