EU Energy Security Strategy: The Impact Of The Russia-Ukraine War On The Energy Sector (2022-2024)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51601/ijersc.v5i4.855Abstract
The Russia-Ukraine War of 2022 has prioritized energy security on the European policy agenda. This research aims to answer two critical questions in the aftermath of the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian War, such as what concrete steps were taken by the EU in response to the energy crisis triggered by the conflict, especially regarding reducing dependence on energy imports from Russia and how the EU's new energy policy after the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian War affected their efforts to reduce dependence on energy sources from Russia and stabilize energy supply in Europe. The analysis covers 2022 - 2024, using data from various sources such as official reports, literature reviews, and previous research. The research method includes a literature study using Barry Buzan's Regional Security Complexity Theory and Energy Security Concept, descriptive analysis to understand the EU's concrete steps in responding to the energy crisis, and comparative analysis to evaluate the impact of EU policies in reducing dependence on Russian energy. The analysis shows that the EU has taken strategic steps in dealing with the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on energy security. In the context of gas supplies from Russia, although gas supplies will likely remain via pipeline and LNG to some EU Member States that do not apply strict sanctions even after 2027, the volume of these supplies is expected to decrease significantly.
Downloads
References
. Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre. (2007). A Quest for Energy Security in the 21st Century: Resources and Constraints, Institute of Energy Economics. APERC. JAPAN: APERC.
. Bird&Bird. (2024, March 15). German LNG-Terminals: Hydrogen infrastructure by detour? Retrieved from https://www.twobirds.com/en/insights/2024/germany/german-lng-terminals-hydrogen-infrastructure-by-detour#:~:text=The%20LNG%20Acceleration%20Act,it%20independent%20of%20Russian%20gas.
. British Petroleum. (2021). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved from https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf
. Burgstaller, M., & Macpherson, S. (2023). The EU and the United Kingdom develop strategic partnerships with Canada on critical raw materials. Retrieved from Engage: https://www.engage.hoganlovells.com/knowledgeservices/news/the-european-union-and-the-united-kingdom-develop-strategic-partnerships-with-canada-on-critical-raw-materials
. Buzan, B., Waever, O., & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework of Analysis. Lynne Rienner.
. Castellum. (2024, 2 12). Retrieved 4 15, 2024, from Russia Sanctions Dashboard: https://www.castellum.ai/russia-sanctions-dashboard
. Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. (2024, June 20). May 2024 — Monthly analysis of Russian fossil fuel exports and sanctions. Retrieved from https://energyandcleanair.org/may-2024-monthly-analysis-of-russian-fossil-fuel-exports-and-sanctions/#:~:text=China%20was%20the%20largest%20buyer,Russian%20fossil%20fuels%20this%20month.
. Clear Energy Wire. (2024, April 3). Germany, EU remain heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels. (J. Wettengel, Editor) Retrieved June 12, 2024, from Journalism for the energy transition: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/germanys-dependence-imported-fossil-fuels
. EC Directorate-General for Energy . (2022, June 17). EU Egypt Israel Memorandum of Understanding. Retrieved from https://energy.ec.europa.eu/publications/eu-egypt-israel-memorandum-understanding_en
. EIA. (2022, 12 20). Europe is a key destination for Russia’s energy exports. Retrieved 11 7, 2023, from EIA: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=55021#:~:text=Russia's%20coal%20exports%20in%202021,were%20sent%20to%20OECD%20Europe.
. Enerdata. (2022, Agustus 2). France selects TotalEnergies to install a 5 bcm/year FSRU in Le Havre. Retrieved February 2, 2024, from https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/france-selects-totalenergies-install-5-bcmyear-fsru-le-havre.html
. Euractive. (2022, November 8). EU signs ‘strategic partnership’ with Kazakhstan on green hydrogen, raw materials. Retrieved from https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/eu-signs-strategic-partnership-with-kazakhstan-on-green-hydrogen-raw-materials/
. European Commission. (2023). Shedding light on energy in the EU – 2023 edition. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/interactive-publications/energy-2023#:~:text=Russia%20main%20EU%20supplier%20of,Kazakhstan%20(6%25%20each).
. European Commission. (2019, May 21). Energy Prices in 2018. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STAT_19_2669
. European Commission. (2022, November 8). COP27: European Union concludes a strategic partnership with Namibia on sustainable raw materials and renewable hydrogen . Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_6683
. European Commission. (2022, Desember 22). G7 agrees oil price cap: reducing Russia's revenues, while keeping global energy markets stable . Retrieved February 3, 2024, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_7468
. European Commission. (2022, May 15). Joint Communication of The European Council. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022JC0023
. European Commission. (2022, November 9). Joint Statement on the EU-Egypt Renewable Hydrogen Partnership. Retrieved May 29, 2024, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_22_6646
. European Commission. (2022, June 3). Questions and answers on the sixth package of sanctions against Russia. Retrieved February 3, 2024, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_22_2823
. European Commission. (2022). REPowerEU: Joint European Action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy.
. European Commission. (2022, October 18). The EU and Morocco launch the first Green Partnership on energy, climate and the environment ahead of COP 27. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-morocco-launch-first-green-partnership-energy-climate-and-environment-ahead-cop-27-2022-10-18_en
. European Commission. (2023, June 23). EU adopts 11th package of sanctions against Russia for its continued illegal war against Ukraine . Retrieved March 1, 2024, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_3429
. European Council. (2022, April 8). EU adopts fifth round of sanctions against Russia over its military aggression against Ukraine. Retrieved February 4, 2024, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/04/08/eu-adopts-fifth-round-of-sanctions-against-russia-over-its-military-aggression-against-ukraine/
. European Council. (2022, October 28). Infographic - EU sanctions in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine . Retrieved October 30, 2022, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/eu-sanctions-russia-ukraine-invasion/
. European Council. (2022, February 22). Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine: EU imposes sanctions against President Putin and Foreign Minister Lavrov and adopts wide ranging individual and economic sanctions. Retrieved February 5, 2024, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/25/russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-imposes-sanctions-against-president-putin-and-foreign-minister-lavrov-and-adopts-wide-ranging-individual-and-economic-sanctions/
. European Parliament. (2022, July 22). Russia's war on Ukraine: Background. Retrieved October 30, 2022, from Topical Digest: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/TD_Russia_war_Ukraine.pdf
. European Parliament. (2024, June 11). Citizens’ Enquiries Unit (Ask EP) of the European Parliament: Energy security and import dependency. Eropa.
. European Union. (2023). Facts and figures on life in the European Union. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/life-eu_en
. European Union. (2023). Facts and figures on life in the European Union. Retrieved from https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/life-eu_en
. Europorter. (2022, Desember 22). Azerbaijan and Europe speed up the green energy deal. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://www.eureporter.co/world/azerbaijan-world/2022/12/22/azerbaijan-and-europe-speed-up-the-green-energy-deal/
. Eurostat. (2022, March 19). Glossary:Gross available energy. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Gross_available_energy
. Eurostat. (2023, September 25). EU imports of energy products continued to drop in Q2 2023. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20230925-1#:~:text=In%20the%20second%20quarter%20of%202023%2C%20Norway%20was%20the%20EU's,%25)%20and%20Algeria%20(16.5%25).
. Eurostat. (2024, May 23). Energy statistics - an overview. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_statistics_-_an_overview
. Eurostat. (2024, April). Natural gas price statistics. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Natural_gas_price_statistics#Natural_gas_prices_for_household_consumers
. Giuli, M., & Oberthür, S. (2023). Third time lucky? Reconciling EU climate and. Journal of European Integration, 395-412.
. Ilie, A G., Zlatea, M L E., Negreanu, C., Dumitriu, D., & Pentescu, A. (2023, August 1). Reliance on Russian Federation Energy Imports and Renewable Energy in the European Union. Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, 25(64), 780-780. https://doi.org/10.24818/ea/2023/64/780
. International Energy Agency. (2022). Russia's War on Ukraine. Retrieved October 30, 2022, from IEA: https://www.iea.org/topics/russia-s-war-on-ukraine
. International Energy Agency. (2024, February 12). Global Methane Pledge Energy Pathway . Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/policies/15806-global-methane-pledge-energy-pathway
. International Trade Administration. (2023, Desember 6). Germany - Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from Official Website of the International Trade Administration: https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/germany-energy
. Kusa, I. (2022, June 30). Russia-Ukraine War: Harbinger of a Global Shift. Pluto Journals, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.19.1.ca2
. Kersan‐Škabić, I. (2023, July 7). Some Insights into the Bilateral Value Chains—The EU and Russia. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 11(7), 186-186. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11070186
. Lontay, O. (2024, May 30). Germany's Energy Crisis: Europe's Leading Economy is Falling Behind. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from Harvard International Review: https://hir.harvard.edu/germanys-energy-crisis-europes-leading-economy-is-falling-behind/
. McWilliams, B., Sgaravatti, G., & Zachmann, G. (2024, May 15). European natural gas imports. Retrieved from https://www.bruegel.org/dataset/european-natural-gas-imports
. MEED. (2022, June 22). ExxonMobil wins North Field East LNG stake. Retrieved from https://www.meed.com/exxonmobil-wins-north-field-east-lng-stake
. Moss, T., & Kincer, J. (2023, March 7). How does energy impact economic growth? An overview of the evidence . Retrieved from https://energyforgrowth.org/article/how-does-energy-impact-economic-growth-an-overview-of-the-evidence/
. Otilia Rica Man, d. (2024). Approaches to a New Regional Energy Security Model in the Perspective of the European Transition to Green Energy. Economies, 61.
. Prestvik, M. (2024, March 22). Norway and EU enter industrial partnership on critical raw materials. (Geological survey of Norway) Retrieved May 29, 2024, from https://www.ngu.no/en/nyheter/norway-and-eu-enter-industrial-partnership-critical-raw-materials
. S&P Global. (2024, April 10). Europe is set to continue to rely on Russian LNG in short term. Retrieved from https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/041024-europe-is-set-to-continue-to-rely-on-russian-lng-in-short-term
. Sadowska, E. (2022). The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the European Union's Energy Security. Energy Policy Studies.
. Skalamera, M. (2016, Agustus 11). Revisiting the Nabucco Debacle. Myths and Realities, 18-36. doi:10.1080/10758216.2016.1188015
. Skolkovo Energy Centre. (2019). Global and Russian Energy Outlook 2019. Moscow School of Management , Energy. Moscow: SKOLKOVO Energy Centre.
. Stronski, P., & Sokolsky, R. (2020). Multipolarity in Practice: Understanding Russia’s Engagement With Regional Institutions. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
. Trenin, D. (2014, July 9). The Ukraine Crisis and the Resumption of Great-Power Rivalry. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/ukraine_great_power_rivalry2014.pdf
. World Economic Forum. (2023, November 14). These 3 charts show energy prices in the EU. Retrieved from World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/11/gas-electricity-prices-europe/
. Zajaczkowska, M. (2018). The Energy Union and European Union. Ekonomia i Prawo. Economics and Law, 319–328. doi:10.12775/EiP.2018.023.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
